Universitas Indonesia Conferences, The Seventh International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies 2023

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11 September Attacks and 22 Years on Islamophobia: So Far yet So Close, Indonesian Perspective
Jelang Ramadhan

Last modified: 2023-03-20

Abstract


In 1993, Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations sparked global discourse, notably his thesis regarding the confrontation between Western civilization against Islam civilization. Inevitably, the subsequent 11 September attacks on several strategic places in United States of America triggered the rise of Islamophobia phenomena globally. Huntington’s thesis is actual, though the discourse of Islamophobia was quite famous in the late of 1990s due to its root linked to historical factors. Muslims are inevitably facing prejudice, exclusion, discrimination, antagonization, otherization, and violence. Even amid a multicultural environment like in the North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand or so-called West. On the one hand, this study aims to describe the relations between Islamophobia and terrorism, which occurred in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks, and its impact on Muslim society. On the other hand, likewise to criticize the discriminatory policies and exhibit the attempts between Westerners and Muslims in the West, formed the shape of relations and reflect the actual condition after twenty years of 9/11 attacks. Sort of literature is selected to discover the perspective and research progress on Islamophobia among fellow scholars. This study aims to reflect objectively in drawing the depiction of Islamophobia phenomena after 9/11 and twenty years on. In conclusion, the impacts of 9/11 are still resonating in numerous governments’ policies and society’s attitudes, promulgated in Muslim-majority countries. Thus, the West is still in favor of maintaining its hegemony and domination over global politics by conversant with Islamophobic policy as the global narration, despite having the counter-narration from the other side.