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We recently prepared surface-deacetylated chitin nanofibers (SDACNFs) by mechanically treating the exoskeletons of crabs, followed by partial deacetylation of the amide groups that were located on the surface of the resulting chitin nanofibers. SDACNFs have attracted considerable interest in medical fields, because of their various bioactivities. In fact, SDACNFs are attractive, because their surface properties, as well as the macroscopic properties, of the fibers can be altered by chemically modifying the amino groups on the surface or by electrostatic interactions between the cationic amino groups on the surface and secondary components that carry an anionic charge, thus endowing the fibers with a variety of physicochemical and biological functions. By using these properties, in the case of the chronic renal failure (CRF) rats, the ingestion of SDACNFs over a 4 week period resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of uremic toxins and oxidative stress, compared with the levels of surface-deacetylated chitin (SDAC). Further, we also investigated the hepatic protective and antioxidant effects of SDACNFs administrtion on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model (NASH) rats over a 8 week period. As a result, the administration of SDACNFs results in a significant decrease in hepatic injury, oxidative stress, compared with non-treatment group. From these results, we suggest an efficient strategy against oxidative stress related diseases by using SDACNFs. The pleiotropic effect of SDACNFs has the potential for future applications in a wide variety of medical and pharmaceutical fields.