Recently in Indonesia, the blasphemy which has been applied mainly to Muslims, was extended to non-Muslims. The allegations of blasphemy against Christian Ahok, the former governor of Jakarta, sparked mass protests in which hundreds of thousands of Muslims took part, resulting in his losing in election. The protest of a Buddhist housewife that the adzan sound from the mosque microphone was too loud angered Muslims in her neighborhood, and led to an uprising targeting at houses, vehicles and temples. She was later indicted for blasphemy and was sentenced to 2 years in prison.

The application of blasphemy for non-Muslims suggests that there is a growing tendency to force inter-religious harmony as defined by the Islamic perspective of non-intervention and control upon non-muslims. To explore recent process of dealing with blasphemy provides useful information on how religious freedom and tolerance in Indonesian society have been changing