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This study aims to examine how the management of peatlands by the Dayak and Transmigrants as well as to unravel the socio-economic dynamics of the Dayak and transmigrant communities. This study uses a qualitative approach. The data collection model used in this study was in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies, namely collecting related secondary sources of information, in the form of photos, videos, and other written documents. The method of obtaining data in the study was carried out by researchers involving themselves in community activities and in-depth interviews. Triangulation was used in this study to find the level of data validation. The results of this study indicate that peat swamp land in Malinau Kota is not only not managed through the Desa Cares Peat program, furthermore, peat swamp land in Malinau Kota is not being considered for its management based on the function and importance of peat for climate balance. Furthermore, the peat swamp land in the city of Malinau has been converted into infrastructure to support the coal extractive industry business, namely in the form of hauling roads and coal unloading sites. In line with the current transfer of functions, there are also plans for the development of the land-hungry Malinau Regency, such as the construction of a food and rice estate, which is connected to the Kota Baru Mandiri (KBM) development plan, supported by plans for infrastructure projects such as Industrial Estates and International Ports. (KIPI) Tanah Kuning-Mangkupadi and the construction of the Mentarang Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA). The opposite situation is actually shown by the Dayak and transmigrant communities in managing peatlands. The Dayak people tend to use peatlands only to grow rice using a shifting cultivation pattern. Meanwhile, transmigrants do not only use peatlands to grow rice, but also to grow various vegetables, medicinal plants, fruits and livestock. The management pattern carried out by the transmigrant community tends to be permanent. The pattern of using peatland from these two communities has received enormous benefits for the community's economy. Considering that peatlands have a high fertility rate, the community's agricultural products are able to meet all their needs, from food, clothing to even shelter.