The analysis of education production performance involves evaluating the inputs of faculty, teachers, and students to determine the academic achievement of students. This study aims to estimate the education production performance of both state and private higher secondary schools in Khairpur and identify the factors that affect instructional outcomes in the region. Education is crucial for development, as a high-quality education system is essential for increasing people's skills, knowledge, and abilities, ultimately contributing to the growth of human capital. In a developing country like Pakistan, where policymakers face challenges such as a rapidly growing population, low levels of education, and limited resources, improving educational efficiency is critical to achieving progress. A thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to instructional success is essential in this regard. To construct the model, a cross-sectional dataset was used, and a standard least squares method was employed with annual examination results as the output variable and school inputs, student characteristics, family background, and teacher characteristics as the input variables for both private and public schools. The results of the study indicate that student characteristics, teacher qualities, and family background, with the exception of the mother's education, career, and income, have a statistically significant impact on students' academic performance. The findings of this study have significant policy implications for Khairpur and Pakistan as a whole. Improving educational outcomes will be critical in enhancing the human capital stock, which, in turn, is essential for economic growth and improving living standards. By understanding the factors that contribute to instructional success, policymakers can devise effective strategies to address the challenges faced by the education sector and improve overall educational efficiency.